Sunday, February 2, 2025

A Description of the Mission of RIETS from 1900

יודישע גאזעטען, 29 יוני 1900

דיא צוקונפט פון יודענטהום

עס איז געװען א צײט ווען אידען האבּען בּעטראַכט אַמעריקא פאַר אַ סטאַנציע דורךְ װעלכער זייא פאָהרען נאר דורךְ, און וואו זיי בּלייבּען נור אויף אַ וױילע. אַלס אכסניה האבּען זײא ניט בּעדאַרפט פערזארגען דיעזעס לאַנד מיט אַלעס װאס אידען דאַרפען האבּען אין זײערע לענדער. זײא האבּען זיךְ ניט בּעדארפט קימערן וועגען דעם צוּקוּנפט פוּן יודענטהום אין אּמעריקא, װייל מען האט ניט גערעכענט אַז אידען װעלען דאָ האבּען אַ צוּקוּנפט. 

יענע צײט איז שױן לאַנג אַװעק. אַלע אידען וואס זיצען יעצט אין אמעריקא און אלע װאָס קומען אַהער, וױיסען אז דא איז אײן אײבּיגע הײם פאַר אידען. דער צוּשטאנד אין אײראפּא און די פרײהייט און דיא רעכטע אין אַמעריקא בּעװייזען אַז בּיז מיר וועלען זיךְ אַלע אומקעהרען אין ארץ ישראל, וועט אַמעריקא זיין דער אײנציגער פּלאטץ װאוהין דיא אידען װעלען זיךְ רעטען פוּן זייערע פערפאָלגער. 

דיא אידישע קהילה אין דער נייער וועלט איז אלזאָ געגרינדעט צוּם עקסיסטירען, זיא וועט װאַקסען און שטײגען מיט דעם וואוקס פוּן דער איינװאַנדערוננ און מיט דעם נאַטירליכען פּראָגרעסס פוּן דער אידישער בּעפעלקערונג. 

אלס עטאבּלירטע קהילה, אלס אַ פאָלק מיט אַ וױיטען צוּקוּנפט אין דער נייער װעלט, ליעגט אויף אונז אַ חוב צוּ עטאבּלירען זיךְ מיט אַלעס װאס מיר האבּען נעטהיג פאַר דעם קיום הלאומי, און פאַר דער עקסיסטענץ פוּן אונזער נאציאן. מיר מוּזען דא גרינדען אלע אידישע אינסטיטוטען אונד אַלעס װאס האַלט דעם ‎יודענטהום פריש און געזונד. 

און וויא מיר זעהען ערפיעלען אידען פיעלע פוּן דיעזע פּפליכטען. מיר בּויען דאָ שוהלען, האספּיטאלס, הכנסת אורחים'ס אונד אַנדערע עהנליכע אידישע איינריכטונגען. מען שרייבּט היער ספרי תורות אונד מען וועבּט היער טליתים, מען דרוקט דא חומשים און מען איז דא מסדר סדורים. ליידער מוּזען מיר דא זאגען, דאס איין זאךְ, דיא וױכטיגסטע זאךְ פאר דעם אידענס צוּקוּנפט אין אמעריקא װערט היער פערנאכלעסיגט, און דאס איז דיא ערציעהונג פוּן עכט אידישע רבּנים, אויף דעם אמעריקאנישען בּאָדען. 

רבּנים זיינען דיא זיילען וואס האבּען אויפגעהאלטען דעם יודענטהום און דעם ערסטען און דעם צווייטען גלות, ווען מיר ערציעהען קײנע איינעגע רבּנים אויף דעם לאַנד אויף װעלכען מיר זיצען, קענען מיר ניט זעהן וויא אזוי דיא צוּקוּנפט וועט זיין קלאהר און ריין פאַר דעם יודענטהום אין אמעריקא. מיר זיינען איבּערצײגט אַז די אימפּאָרטירטע רבּנים פוּן אויסלאַנד זיינען זאגאַר פאַר דיעזען דור קיין ערפאָלג, און מיר קענען זיךְ שוין פאָרשטעלען וואס פאַר איין ערפאָלג אַ אימפּאָרטירטער רב פוּן אײראפּא װעט האבּען אונטער אונזערע קינדער, אדער אונטער אונזערע אײניקלאךְ, וואס האבּען זיךְ ערצויגען אין דיעזען לאנד. 

מאנכע וועללען זאגען, אַז רבּנים װערען ערצָאגען אין סינסינאטי, אַז רבּנים ווערען ארויסגעלאָזען פוּן דער נויארקער .סעמינאר, מיט דיפּלאָמען און טיטולען. יא, פיר יוצא וועגען, פיר רבּנים אויף אַ שאָוּ, וױא אַ דאָל אין אַ ווינדע, זיינען דיא תלמידים פוּן דיעזע סעמינאריומס פיעללייכט נענוג. אבּער פיר אמת'ע רבּנים, פיר רבּנים צוּ וועלכע דאס יודענטהום איז געװאָהנט, רבּנים לומדים, גאונים, וואס זיינען בּקי אין ש"ס און פּוסקים וױא מיר זיינען געװאָהנט, קען מען פוּן זייא ניט ערװאַרטען, דיעזע רבּנים דאַרפען ערסט ערצאָגען װערען. 

צווישען דיא אידישע קינדער וואס ווערען געבּארען אין דיעזען לאַנד געפינען זיךְ פיעלע וואס זיינען געבּארען געוואָרען מיט די קעפּ און דיא פעהיגקײטען, וואס האבּען געמאַכט גרויסע רבּנים אין דער אידישער וועלט. עס ווערען געבּארען עלוים, חריפים און צדיקים.ווען מען זאל אבּער ניט ארויסרופען זייערע פעהיגקייטען, ווען מען זאל זײא ניט אויפזוכען, ווען מען זאל זײא ניט געבּען דיא געלעגענהייט צוּ ענטוױקלען דיעזע פעהיגקייטען מוזען זייא פערלאָרען געהן אַלס פּעדלער, אַפּערייטארס און פּאָליטישע סטאמפּ ספּיקערס, וואס קענען װעניג לייסטען פיר דאס יודענטהום. 

צו דיעזער איבּערצײגונג זיינען געקומען אייניגע עהרליכע אידען אין נויארק און זייא האבּען זיךְ אונטערנומען צוּ גרינדען איין אינסטיטוט פאַר אמת'ע אידישע רבּנים אין אמעריקא. דער צװעק פוּן דיעזען אינסטיטוט איז אויפצוהאָדעװען אין אַמעריקא גרויסע אידישע לומדים, וואס זאללען לערנען און קענען לערנען װיא דיא גרויסע אידישע לומדים אין דיא אלטע צייטען, און זאלען דערצוּ געניסען דיא קענטניסע פוּן דער לאַנדסשפּראכע און זאלען זיךְ אויפהאָדעװען אין אַמעריקא. דער נאמען פוּן דיעזען אינסטיטוט איז "ישיבת רבּ יצחק אלחנן", און ער געפינט זיךְ אין 34 לודלאוו סטריט, נויארק. 

דיא ישיבת רבּ יצחק אלחנן איז געגרינדעט געװאָרען צוּריק מיט 4 יאהר. עס איז אַ ישיבה װאו מען לערנט ש"ס פּוסקים אויף דעם זעלבּען שטייגער וױא מען לערנט איין װאַלאָזין און אין קאוונא. דער ראש הישיבה איז א מוּפלג בּתורה, וועלכער וואַר אַליין רב אין סלוצק, און ער לערנט יעדען טאג גמרא מיט תוספות צו זיינע תלמידים, און איז זײא מדריךְ איין אַ ריינעם אידישען וועג. אין דיעזער ישיבה געפינען זיךְ יעצט אַכטצעהן אידישע זיהן, אלע מיט, גוּטע שאַרפע קעפּ און רײנע אידישע הערצער וואס זיצען וויא טאג אַזוי נאכט אין לערנען בּהתמדה גדולה. אייניגע פוּן זיי זיינען עלױם, וועלכע וועלען מיט דער צייט אויסװאַקסען דיא גרעסטע אידישע לומדים. ניט לאַנג צוּריק האבּען דיא תלמידים פוּן דיזער ישיבה געזאגט הדרן און פּלפּולים אין בּית המדרש הגדול. און אַלע לומדים וואס האבּען זייא געהערט זיינען ענטציקט געװאָרן פוּן די לומדות, בּעזאנדערס וואַר אַ פערגניגען, צוּ הערען אַזאַ לומדות פון קינדער אין אמעריקא, און אַלע האבּען דאן מסכים געװען, אַז דיא ישיבת רבּי יצחק אלחנן טהוט אַ הייליגע אַרבּייט, דערמיט װאס זיא נעהמט אַװעק דיעזע עלוים פוּן דער גאַסס און זעצט זייא לערנען דיא תורה. 

די גרינדער פןּן דער ישיבת רבּי יצחק אלחנן פערזארגען דיא בני הישיבה מיט אַלע זייערע בּעדערפניסע. מען גיט זייא עסען און טרינקען און קליידער און אלעס װאס א מענש מוז האבּען אום אויסצוּאװאַקסען א מענש אין דער וועלט. עס װערט געהאַלטען אַ גוטער לעהרער װאס לערענט דיזע לומדים די ענגלישע שפּראַךְ און אנדערע װיסענשאפטען אום צוּ פעראייניגען תורה מיט חכמה. מאַנכע פוּן דיא תלמידים אין דער ישיבה וועלען ארויס דיא גרעסטע קענער, און מען וועט זייא קענען גלייכען צוּ אונזער אַמאָליגע גרויסע פאָרשטעהער וואס האבּען בּעזעסען אַלע װיסענשאַפטען, אַזוי וויא כל התורה. 

מיט רעכט קענען מיר זאגען, אַז דער צוּקוּנפט פוּן דעם ריינעם יודענטהום אין אַמעריקא איז אין דער ישיבת רבּי יצחק אלחנן. פוּן דאָרט וועלען מיט דער צייט ארויסגעהן אמת'ע אידישע לעהרער, אמת'ע אידישע רבּנים וועלכע וועלען אונז אויסהיילען פוּן דעם רעפאָרם פוּן איין זייט און דיא אונפּאַסענדע רעוורענדס פוּן צווייטע זייט, ליידער איז דיעזער אינסטיטוט, דיעזער נעסט פאַר אידישע לומדים, דיעזער רעטונגס פּלאַטץ וואס רעטעט קינדער פוּן די גאַסען, אין גרױס נויטה. ווייל דיא אויסגאַבּען פוּן דיעזען אינסטיטוט מוּזען זיין גרויס. מען מוּז דיעזע קינדער געבּען עסען און קליידער, ספרים און רבּנים און לעהרער, אבּער די אײננאהמע איז קליין. זעהר װעניג אידען זיינען בּעקאַנט מיט דיעזען אינסטיטוט, און זעהר וועניג געבּען איהם שטיטצע. דיא אורזאַכע דערפוּן איז, ניט ווייל אידען ווילען ניט אַזאַ אינסטיטוט, ניין, דאס קען ניט זיין, ווייל אידען האבּען געגרינדעט און האבּען אויפגעהאַלטען ישיבות אין יעדען לאַנד, װאס זייא האבּען געוועהלט פאַר זייער היים. דיא היכטיגע אורזאַכע דערפוּן איז, וואס דיא זשאַרגאָנישע  צייטונגען אינטערעסירען זיךְ וועניג מיט דיעזען אינסטיטוט, און קימערן זיךְ ניט וועגען לומדות און רבּנות. אבּער אום דיעזע ישיבה זאל ניט בּלײבּען בּעהאלטען פוּן אידען, אום צוּ בּרײנגען פאַר איהר דיא נעטהיגע הילפע, האבּען דיא גרינדער פוּן דער ישיבה בּעשלאסען אַרויסצוּשיקען אַ משולח איבּער דאס לאַנד, וואָס זאל אַגיטירען אין דיא שטאדט און אין דיא קאנטריס פאַר דער ישיבת רבי יצחק אלחנן און זאל קלייבּען שטיטצע פוּן אַלע עהרליכע אידען וואס אינטערעסירען זיךְ מיט דעם יודענטהום, אוּן וױלען געבּען זייער שטיטצע צוּ גוּטע אידישע זאַכען. דיעזער משולח וועט אנקלאפּען פּוּשקעס און וועט גרינדען מעמדות, דערמיט וואס ער וועט שאַפען מעמבּערס פיר דער ישיבה. 

אין נאמען פוּן דער ישיבה בּעטען מיר אלע רבּנים אין אלע ערטער זייא זאלען בּיישטעהן דעם משולח פוּן אונזער ישיבה און זאלען איהם העלפען מיט אַלעס וואס זייא קענען. מיר בּעטען אויךְ אַלע אידען מענער און פרויען זייא זאָלען פריינדליךְ און בּריעדערליךְ בּעהאַנדלען דיא וואס וועלען צוּ זייא קוּמען קלייבּען מיט דיא פּוּּשקעס פאַר דער ישיבה. יעדער סענט װאס אונזערע געשיקטע וועלען קריעגען וועט אנקוּמען צוּ דער ישיבה און וועט העלפען צוּ ערציעהען פאַר אונז אַ דור פוּן לומדים, רבּנים אױף וועלכע מיר װעלען זיךְ ניט דאַרפען שעהמען. 

ווען מיר ווילען בּלייבּען אידען אין אַמעריקא, מוזען מיר האבּען איין ישיבה וואו אַמעריקא זאל אַרויסגעבּען איהרע אייגענע רבּנים, לומדים, און דיעזע ישיבּה איז דיא ישיבת רבּי יצחק אלחנן. 

אַז דיא אידען אין אַמעריקא זיינען בּערייט צוּ שטיטצען ישיבת און אַז זייער האַרץ איז מיט דיא וואס לערנען תורה קען מען זעהן דערפוּן, וואס גרויסע סומען געלד געהן ארויס יעהרליךְ פוּן אמעריקא נאךְ דיא ישיבות פוּן אײראפּא. מיר פרעגען דאַרום, ווארום זאלען דיעזע גוּטהערציגע אידען ניט שטיטצען און אויפהאַלטען אַ ישיבה וועלכע געפינט אין זייער מיטע, אונטער זייערע, אויגען, און גיט אַ געלעגענהייט זייערע איינעגע קינדער צוּ ווערען לומדים און רבּנים. 

אַם ענדע ווילען מיר בּעמערקען אַז דיא ישיבת רבּי יצחק אלחנן איז ניט נור פיר נויארקער. דיא ישיבה נעהמט אויף אַלע אידישע קינדער, פוּן גאַנצען לאנד וואס קוּמען צוּ דער ישיבה. אַ קינד אַ עלױ פוּן אירגענד וועלכען געגענד קען קוּמען צוּ אונז און מיר וועלען איהם נעבּען עסען און קליידער, אום ער זאלל אויסארבּייטען זיינע פעהיגקייטען. 

עס איז דאַרום די פּפליכט פוּן יעדען אידען צוּ שטיטצען און העלפען דיעזער ישיבה.

ה. בּראמסאן, פּרעזידענט.


Jewish Gazette, 29 June 1900

The Future of Judaism 

There was a time when Jews considered America as a station through which they were just traveling through, and where they would remain in for a moment. As a temporary lodging they did not need to supply this country with all that Jews need in their countries. They did not need to concern themselves about the future of Judaism in American, because no one considered that Jews would have a future here. 

That time is already far away. All Jews that are now settled in America and all that are coming here, know that here is a permanent home for Jews. The situation in Europe and the freedom and the rights in America demonstrate that until we will all return to the land of Israel, America will be the only place to where the Jews will save themselves from their persecutions. 

The Jewish community in the new world is therefore established to continue existed, it will increase and grow with the growth of the immigration and with the natural progress of the Jewish population.

As an established community, as a people with a long future in the new world, an obligation is placed upon us to establish ourselves with all that we clearly have for the establishment of the nation, and for the existence of our nation. We must set up all the Jewish institutions here and all that keeps Judaism fresh and healthy. 

  And as we see, Jews are fulfilling all of these obligations. We are building schools here, hospitals, hostels and other similar Jewish establishments. Torah scrolls are written here and Taleisim are woven here, Chumashim are printed here and Siddurim are arranged here. Unfortunately, we must say here, that one thing, the most important thing for the Jews’ future in America has been neglected here, and this is the education of real Jewish rabbis, on American soil. 

Rabbis are the souls that have maintained Judaism in the first and second exile. If we educate not one rabbi in the land on which we are settled, we cannot see how the future will be clear and pure for Judaism in America. We are convinced that the imported rabbis from abroad are fit for this generation to not succeed, and we already can hide what kind of success an imported rabbi from Europe will have for our children or for our grandchildren, that have been educated in this country. 

Many will say that rabbis are educated in Cincinnati, that rabbis are produced from the New York Seminary, with diplomas and titles. Yes, for barely meeting the definition, for rabbis on a show, as a doll in a window, the students from these seminaries are perhaps enough. But for true rabbis, for rabbis that Judaism needs, rabbis, scholars, geniuses, that are experts in Talmud and codes as we have wanted, we cannot just expect this from them, these rabbis first need to be educated. 

Among the Jewish children that were born in this country are many that were born with the minds and the talents that have made great rabbis in the Jewish world. Geniuses have been born, sharp of intellect and righteous. If one should not even summon their talents, if one should not look for them, if one should not give them the opportunity to develop these talents, then they are forced to go lost as peddlers, operators and political stump speakers, who can mold little for Judaism. 

A few upstanding Jews in New York have arrived at these convictions and they undertook to found an institution for truly Jewish rabbis in America. The goal of this institution is to raise great Jewish scholars in America, that should study and can study like the greatest Jewish scholars in the olden times, and should therefore partake of the knowledge of the local language and should be raised in America. The name of this institution is “Yeshivas Rab Yitzchak Elchanan.” And it is located at 34 Ludlow Street, New York. 

The Yeshivas Rab Yitzchak Elchanan was founded four years ago. It is a Yeshiva where one studies Talmud and codes in the same manner as one studies in Volozhin and in Kovno. The Rosh Yeshiva is a distinguished scholar of Torah, who was the sole rabbi in Slutzk, and he teaches Gemara with Tosfos to his students every day, and he guides them in the pure Jewish way. In this Yeshiva there are now 18 Jewish boys, all with good sharp minds and pure Jewish hearts that sit day and night studying with great consistency. A few of them are geniuses, who will with time grow up to be the greatest Jewish scholars. Not long ago did the students of this Yeshiva recite hadran and pilpulim in Beth Hamedrash Hagadol, and all the scholars that listened to them were delighted with the scholarship, separately it was a pleasure to hear such scholarship from children in America, and everyone then agreed, that the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan is doing a holy work in which it takes these geniuses away from the street and sits them to study the Torah. 

The founders of the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan provide the students of the Yeshiva with all their needs. They are given food and drink and clothing and all that a person needs to grow up to a be person in the world. There is retained a good teacher that teaches these scholars the English language and other sciences to unite Torah with science. Many of the students in the Yeshiva will become the greatest knowledgeable people, and one can compare them to our great minds from long ago that possessed all the sciences just like all the Torah. 

We can say with certainty, that the future of pure Judaism in America is in the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan. From there, with time, will go truly Jewish teachers, truly Jewish rabbis who will heal us from the reform from one side and the inappropriate reverends from the other side. Unfortunately this institution, this nest for Jewish scholars, this rescue place that saves children from the streets, is in great destitution. Because the expenditures of this institution must be large. These children must be given food and clothing, books and rabbis and teachers, but the investment is small. Very few Jews are familiar with this institution, and very few give it support. The reason for it is, not because Jews do not want such an institution, no, that cannot be, because Jews have founded and maintained Yeshivas in every land that they have chosen for their home. The correct reason for it is, that the Yiddish newspapers are barely interested in this institution and do not concern themselves with scholarship and the rabbinate. So this Yeshiva should not remain withheld from Jews, to bring for it the necessary help, the founders of the Yeshiva decided to send out an emissary across the country, who should advocate in the cities and in the countries for the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan and should gather support from all upstanding Jews who are interested in Judaism, and want to give their support to good Jewish causes. This emissary will bang pushkes and will set up councils with which he will make members for the Yeshiva.

In the name of the Yeshiva, I ask all rabbis in all places that they should stand by the emissary from our Yeshiva and should help him with all that they can. We also ask all Jews men and women they should be friendly and brotherly when interacting with the one who will come to collect with the pushkes for the Yeshiva. Every cent that our emissary will collect will come to the Yeshiva and will help to educate for us a generation of scholars, rabbis for which we will not need to be ashamed.

If we want to remain Jews in America, we must have a Yeshiva from where America should distribute its own rabbis, scholars, and this Yeshiva is the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan.

The Jews in America are ready to support Yeshivas and their heart is with those who study Torah. This can be seen from the large sums of money that go out yearly from America to the Yeshivas of Europe. Therefore, we ask, why should these goodhearted Jews not support and maintain a Yeshiva which exists in their midst, under their eyes, and give an opportunity for their own children to become scholars and rabbis. 

Finally, we want to remark that the Yeshivas Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan is not only for New Yorkers. The Yeshiva admits from all Jewish children, from the entire country, who come to the Yeshiva. A child a genius from any which region can come to us and we will give him food and clothing, so that he should train his talents.

It is therefore the duty of all Jews to support and help this Yeshiva.

H. Bramson, President. 


H. Bramson, “The Future of Judaism,” Jewish Gazette (New York, NY), June 29, 1900. https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/jewishgazette/1900/06/29/01/article/21 

Thursday, January 23, 2025

Rabbi Gedaliah Silverstone's Sermon Against Family Pews in Adas Israel

Rabbi Gedaliah Silverstone was a leader of the Orthodox Jewish community of Washington, DC in the first half of the 20th century. He was brought into the community to serve as the chief rabbi of the combined orthodox congregations in 1906 and was charged with organizing Kashrut certification of the city. Soon thereafter he was employed directly by a few of the Orthodox congregations of the city. In the 1920s he worked as the rabbi of the Tifereth Israel congregation and continued to be involved in Kashrut certification. Rabbi Silverstone also published many pamphlets of his sermons throughout his decades. Most of the sermons are not context specific, but in his volume Devar Shalom, published in 1923, he includes some sermons responding to "reforms" within the Adas Israel synagogue. Adas Israel was the first orthodox synagogue in the city. It broke away from Washington Hebrew Congregation in 1869, when Washington Hebrew began moving towards reform. 

By the 1920s, Adas Israel was drifting closer to what would become the Convervative movement. There are few details in the published literature about the exact nature of this drift towards Conservative Judaism. The sermon I have transcribed and translated below is introduced as if he delivered it in Adas Israel itself. The text we have is not a transcript of an unbiased party, it is likely based on the notes that Rabbi Silverstone prepared for his talk. We cannot know exactly what he said to the assembled congregation of Adas Israel. This text tells us what Rabbi Silverstone's ideal speech would have been. It also tells us that there was clearly conflict within the synagogue, such that there was a faction of more orthodox congregants who wanted an Orthodox rabbi to address the community. 

The sermon itself contains references to some practices that the orthodox community considered to be reforms that went too far. Silverstone frames family pews as the impetus for his invitation to speak. He also references a practice of the rabbi of the synagogue leading the mourners in Kaddish, since many of them were not confident enough to recite it on their own. He also mentions the late Friday night "second" Sabbath service to which many people would drive their cars. These details may shed a little more light on the process of Adas Israel's shift from Orthodox to Conservative Judaism.  


דבר שלום 1923

ז.

דרוש חטאת הקהל

מה שאמרתי בבית הכנסת עדת ישראל שהפּרעזידענט רצה שיתפללו אנשים ונשים יחדיו.

כתיב בתורה (ויקרא ד') ואם כל עדת ישראל ישגו ונעלם דבר מעיני הקהל ועשו אחת מכל מצות ה' אשר לא תעשינה ואשמו.

רבותי! הבית הכנסת שנקרא עדת ישראל ששגו ורוצים שיתפללו אנשים ונשים יחדיו אשר זה מכל מצות ה' אשר לא תעשינה שאנו יודעים אשר זה רעפאָרם, אשר על זה יצאו באיסור גמור כל אגודת הרבּנים אשר טוב יותר שלא יבואו להתפלל כלל, וע"ז אמר ישעיה הנביא, מי ביקש זאת מידכם רמוס חצרי.

ומי הוא זה ואיזה הוא אשר מלאו לבו ורוצה לעשות בית הכנסת עדת ישראל לריפאָרם זה הוא הפ"ר, כלומר הפּרעזידענט ורעיתו. ע"כ תעשו בית הכנסת עדת ישראל מה דכתיב בפרשה זו והוציא את הפ"ר אל מחוץ למחנה... חטאת הקהל הוא.

ועליכם אנשי בּית הכנסת עדת ישראל אשר כולכם אתם מערי יהודה מרוסיא ופוילען אנשי בני קאַלוואריע פּאָניוועו בּיאליסטאָק וכהנה.

אדבר כעת אליכם קודם נסיעתי לארץ הק' כמו אליהו הנביא (מלכים א' י"ח) עד מתי אתם פסחים על שתי הסעיפים אם ה' האלהים לכו אחריו ואם הבעל לכו אחריו ותלכו לריפאָרם טעמפּעל...

כי בּית הכנסת כזה אשר הוא ריפאָרם למחצה או לשליש או לרביע, הוא יותר גרוע מריפאָרם כולה. כי לריפאָרם הכל יודעים להזהר מהם ואינם בכלל יהודים אָרטהאָדאָקסים ובכ"ז אתם בּאים בליל שב"ק בשעה השמינית להתפלל תפילה שניה, ואתם באים בליל שבּת רוכבים באטאָמאָבּילים כדי לשמוע דרשת הרבּי... אתם מחללים שבּת בפרהסיא כדי לבוא לשמוע מוסר מהרבּי... שומו שמים שזה הוא כטובל ושרץ בידו...

ועוד דבר אחר אשר המשיך להביא את בני הנערים בבית הכנסת לומר קדיש אחר אביהם ואמם, והקדיש הזה הוא יקר בּעיניהם מאד וגם דבר זה תיקן הפ"ר...

אשר הרבּי יאמר הקדיש, והם אומרים אחריו בקול נמוך אשר אסור להשמיע את קולם לענות אמן, ואינם אומרים קדיש אחרי הוריהם רק אחרי הרבּי... וטעם כמוס להם מפני שרשעים בחייהם קרוים מתים, והמת עצמו עומד לנגדם ולכן הם אומרים קדיש אחריו... *)

וכל עיקר הענין שצריכים הרבּי בבית הכנסת שלכם, הוא רק לעשות ולתקן ענינים של ריפאָרם.

ואמרתי בזה מאמר חז"ל (סנהדרין צ"ז א') דור שבן דוד בא בו נערים ילבּינו פני זקנים ופני הדור כפּני הכלב. ואמרתי שדרכו של כלב לרוץ לפני אדונו. ואף שאינו יודע הדרך, אבל כשיבוא לשביל דרכים, שדרך אחד פונה לימין ודרך אחד לשמאל, אז יביט הכלב להיכין אדונו יפסיע רגליו אם לימין אז הכלב ירוץ לפניו דרך ימין. ואם אדונו יפסיע דרך שמאל אז הכלב ירוץ לפניו דרך שמאל.

כן פּני הדור של הרבּייס הללו שהם ככלבים אשר ירוצו לפני בעליהם ויביטו רק על פּרנסיהם ומנהיגיהם לראות אם רצוים דבריהם מנהגיהם ומעשיהם בעיניהם או לא. ורק מה שהפּרעזידענט או רעיתו הכבודה... זה יאמרו וזה יוכיחו לפני קהלם אם המנהיג חפץ לעקר איזה עיקרים של דתינו כמו להתפלל אנשים ונשים יחדיו, או שהרבי יאמר הקדיש בעצמו בעד כל האבלים, והם האבלים יאמרו בחשאי אשר גם מלאכים לא יוכלו לשמוע, יהיה לא הדבר קל מאד. הוא צריך רק לומר להרבי שלו יוכל להיות בטוח כי הרבּי יעשה את השאר, ויען כי אין להם חיזוק מעצמם כי אין להם תורה ויראה, ואם יראה להיכן הפּרעזידענט רוצה לילך אז הוא ירוץ לפניו ככלב.

ע"כ לדעתי החוב קדוש מוטל על האגודת הרבּנים דאמעריקא לצאת במחאה גדולה נגדם, ולצאת בקול קורא לאמר, שכל בּתי כנסיות שמתפללים נשים ואנשים ביחד הם ריפאָרמים גמורים ואסור לאיש ארטהאָדאָקסי להתפלל עמהם.

וע"ז אמר המלך שלמה במשלי א' שמע בני מוסר אביך ואל תטש תורת אמך.


*) וראיתי צחות נאה בשם הגה"צ ר' ישראל מוויזניטץ שפּעם אחד שאל רבּי רעפאָרמי מרב אָרטהאָדאָקסי מדוע שנאתם אותנו הלא אב אחד לכולנו ואל אחד בראנו ומדוע נבגד איש באחיו, ויענה לו הגה"צ ז"ל הן אמת כי "אב" אחד לכלנו, וויר האָבּען אאיין "פאָטער" אָבּער איין "מוטער" האָבּען מיר ניט. דען וואָס בּיי אייך איז "מותר" איז בּיי אונז "אסור"... 


Devar Shalom 1923

7.

Sermon on the Sin of the Community

What I said in Congregation Adas Israel when the president wanted men and women to pray together. 

It is written in the Torah (Leviticus 4) “If the whole assembly of Israel (Adas Israel) errs and the matter is hidden from the eyes of the community, and they do one of the commandments of the Lord that must not be done and they are guilty.”

Gentlemen! Your synagogue which is called Adas Israel has erred and wants men and women to pray together which is one of the commandments of the Lord that must not be done, since we know that it is reform that for which all the Union of Orthodox Rabbis has come out against, that it is better not to come to pray at all, and on this Isaiah the prophet said, “Who requested this from your hands the trampling of my courtyard.”

Who was the one that made up his mind and desired to make the congregation Adas Israel into reform, it was the “par” (bull), meaning the president and his wife. Therefore, the congregation Adas Israel must do what is written in this parsha, “Take the “par” (bull) outside the camp . . . it is the sin of the community.

It is your responsibility members of congregation Adas Israel which all of you are from the Jewish cities of Russia and Poland sons of Kalvaria, Ponivezh, Bialostok and the like. 

I speak now to you before my journey to the holy land like Elijah the prophet (I Kings 18) ‘How long can you hover over the two thresholds. If it’s the Lord God follow him and if it’s Baal follow him and go to a reform temple. . . 

Because a synagogue like this that is half reform or a third or a quarter is worse than fully reform. Because for reform everyone knows to be cautious of them and they are not at all Orthodox Jews. And with all this you come on the Sabbath night during the eighth hour to pray a second prayer, and you come on the Sabbath night driving in automobiles in order to hear the sermon of the rabbi . . . you are desecrating the Sabbath in public in order to hear ethics from the rabbi . . . The Heavens are desolate since this is like immersing with a rodent in hand . . . 

And another thing which continues to bring the youth into the synagogue to say Kaddish for their fathers and mothers. This Kaddish is very precious in their eyes and this thing too was instituted by the “par” (president/bull) . . .

That the rabbi recites the Kaddish and they repeat after him in a quiet voice that is impossible to hear their voice to answer Amen. And they are not saying Kaddish after their parents but after the rabbi. . . The reason is hidden from them because the wicked are called dead while they are still alive, and the corpse itself is standing before them and therefore they say Kaddish after him . . . *) 

[In the previous paragraph RGS is trying to be clever. The mourners’ Kaddish is recited by children on behalf of their parents. The phrase RGS uses is “to say Kaddish after their fathers and mothers” but it means on behalf. The phrase “to say after” can also mean to repeat, so he makes a play on words in which the young people in the synagogue are not just repeating after the rabbi to say Kaddish, they are also saying Kaddish on the rabbi’s behalf. Even though the rabbi is still alive, he can be considered dead because he is wicked, so the young people in the synagogue can be saying Kaddish on the rabbi’s behalf. It’s not really that funny, but I think it needs to be explained because he is intentionally insulting the rabbi in an obtuse manner.]

The entire reason that one needs a rabbi in your synagogue is to create and implement matters of reform. 

I relayed a statement of our sages of blessed memory on this (Sanhedrin 97a) ‘In the generation in which the son of David comes, the youth will humiliate the elders . . . and the face of the generation will be like the face of a dog.” I said that the manner of a dog is to run before its master even though it does not know the way. But when the dog reaches a fork in the road, that one way turns to the right and the other way to the left, then the dog will look to where its master steps his feet, if to the right then the dog will run in front of him on the righthand path. And if his master steps to the path on the left, then the dog will run in front of him to the lefthand path.

So is the face of the generation of these rabbis that they are like dogs that will run in front of their owners and look only on their benefactors and directors to see if their words, customs, and actions are desired in their eyes or not. But what the president or his honorable wife . . . This will state and this will prove in front of the community if the director desires to uproot these fundamentals of our religion, like to have men and women pray together, or that the rabbi recites Kaddish himself on behalf of the mourners, and those mourners recite it so quietly that even the angels cannot hear, the matter would be very easy. He needs only to say to his rabbi, he can be certain that the rabbi will do the rest. Because they don’t have any strength of their own, because they do not have Torah and fear [of heaven], and if he sees where the president wants to go, then he will run in front of him like a dog. 

Therefore in my opinion, there is a holy obligation placed on the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of America to publish a great protest against them, and to publish an announcement saying that all synagogues in which men and women pray together are fully reform and it is forbidden for an Orthodox man to pray with them.

On this King Solomon said in Proverbs 1, “Listen my son to the ethics of your father and do not abandon the instruction of your mother.”

*) And I saw a nice joke in the name of the treasured saint rabbi Yisrael of Vizhnitz that one time a reform rabbi asked an orthodox rabbi, why do you hate us, do we not share on father and one God created us, so why does a man betray his brother? The treasured saint of blessed memory answered him, it is true that we all share a father, we have one father but one mother (muter) we do not have. Therefore, what for you is permitted (mutar) is for us forbidden . . .


Sunday, January 19, 2025

The Immoral Message of the Film 'East and West' (1923)

I have recently watched the 1923 silent Yiddish film East and West. You can find it on YouTube with bilingual title cards.

The premise of the movie is what happens when an American born Jewish girl, named Molly Brown, vists her Orthodox cousins back in Galicia in the Austrian empire. She engages in some shenanegans including eating on Yom Kippur and teaching the synagogue choir boys an American song and dance. 

The main conflict of the story begins when Molly wants to do a mock wedding with her cousins. At the time, her cousins' family had been hosting Yankel, a Yeshiva Bochur, for meals. The mock wedding needed a groom, so they forced Yankel to be the groom. Molly wanted him to go through all the motions of a marriage including putting the ring on her finger. Yankel understood that giving her the ring would constitute a halachic marriage, but he had developed a crush on her and allowed himself to be forced to do it. 

Yankel refuses to give her a divorce, and is ostracized by the community. He tells Molly that she should find him in Vienna in five years. Yankel moves to live with his secular uncle in Vienna. He gets a secular education and becomes an aclaimed author. When Molly returns to Vienna, she unknowingly meets her legal husband at one of his book talks in which he was appearing under a pseudonym. He starts actively courting her using his pseudonym and she falls in love with him. Molly thinks they cannot start a committed relationship, since she was married and is an Agunah. Then Yankel reveals himself to her and she is happy that they can be together, and the movie ends happily ever after. 

I find it thought provoking how Molly as a character engages in gender role inversion. In her role in the play as the super Americanized girl, she boxes for fun. When the cook rats her out for eating the break fast meal on Yom Kippur, she tries to get her revenge by socking the cook. 

Later she dresses up like the other members of the all-male synagogue choir and tries to join them when they perform at her cousin's engagement party. 

(In these instances when Molly does somethings wrong, she gets a patsh. It's not pleasant to observe even fictional children on screen being hit. Those scenes are meant to played for laughs.)

In her last moment of gender inversion, she basically forces Yankel to marry her. He knows he shouldn't perform the marriage and all the men watching the mock wedding tell him not to, but Molly encourages him. She forced him to be at this mock wedding in the first place. After she learns what happened, she blames herself for forcing Yankel to marry her. 

The first inversions are played for laughs. It's simply funny to see a woman doing something that a man would normally do. The same kind of way gay men are often just played for laughs in more recent cinema. The final inversion of gender roles at the mock weddding results in tragedy. You could read the mock wedding scene as the limitation of acceptible gender inversion. This is when it goes too far, and she gets into real trouble. 

The overall message of the second act of the movie is very problematic. It is essentially a manifestation of the fantasy of men who refuse to divorce their wives. In Jewish law, only the initiative of the man can lead to a divorce. If a man wants to abuse his ex-wife after they have already separated, he can withhold the divorce and prevent her from getting remarried. A woman in this situation is known as an Agunah, someone who is chained. 

Yankel turns Molly into an Agunah when he refuses to divorce her. Molly's father calls him a scoundrel. The rabbi of the community orders him to divroce Molly, so the Jewish community rises up against him and he is forced into exile. The community mob is framed as mindlessly following the rabbi's orders. As if wanting to free an Agunah itself is a backwards practice. (Granted, you can criticize Orthodox Jewish marriage law as backwards. In my opinion the movie is pretty neutral about Jewish marriage law itself.)

Then Yankel runs away for five years. He spends these five years fixing himself up to be attractive to his imagination of who he thinks Molly is. Yankel barely knew Molly before he married her. He just happened to be in the house when they were doing the Mock wedding. He makes himself secular, because he knows Molly is an American girl. He makes himself into a famous author, because he knows she enjoys reading books. 

When she meets Yankel, she falls for him. He guessed correctly. Then when he reveals himself to be her abuser, she is happy and stays in love with him. Her happy acceptance of his true identity does not make any sense. She wouldn't have known that he was serious about waiting the five years. A regular person would have assumed he was just stalling to refuse again later or to simply disappear and leave her chained forever. 

It is unbelievable that the moment Yankel reveals himself to Molly after the five years, she doesn't at least slap him across the face. She certainly should have refused to continue the relationship now that she knows that he was who made her into an Agunah. Instead she's happy and kisses him. This is the fantasy of a get refuser. That if they keep withholding the divorce, maybe they can repair the relationship, and everyone can live happily ever after. 

It's a fun movie to watch. At the same time the moral of the story is a justification for abuse that ignores the agency of women. It is a fantasy that continued abuse can result in a happy conclusion.

Wednesday, January 15, 2025

The Bais Yaakov School of Washington, DC

The Orthodox Jewish community of the Greater Washington, DC area does not have a Bais Yaakov school. This lack of a Bais Yaakov high school was not an inevitability. During the post-war efforts to rebuild eastern-European orthodox Judaism in the United States, a young rabbinic couple attempted to build a Bais Yaakov in the District of Columbia. The husband, Yisrael Orlansky, was born in Poland in 19291 and fled to Lithuania with his family as Poland was about to be invaded. When the USSR captured Lithuania, they were sent into exile in Siberia for the duration of the war.2 The wife, Rachel Finkel, was born in Germany in 1929, and she survived the Nazi concentration camps.3

After coming to the United States, Yisrael Orlansky studied in the Mirrer Yeshiva in New York and attained Semicha in 1949.4 There he met Rachel Finkel, and they married in 1949. The couple moved to Washington, DC in 1950 to work in Jewish education.

At first, the Orlanskys lived in an apartment at 1502 P St. NW, which was in the heart of the old Jewish community of Washington, DC. In the 1950 census, Yisrael Orlansky reported that he worked as a Hebrew Teacher at a private school, and Rachel Orlansky reported that she worked as a kindergarten teacher for a private school.5 They may have been working at the Hebrew Academy of Washington or at one of the Orthodox synagogues’ Hebrew schools in the area.

In October 1953, the couple bought a house at 222 Jefferson St. NW,6 which was closer to where many of the Orthodox synagogues had had been moving as their communities moved towards the suburbs. In the following year, fall of 1954, Rachel Orlansky opened a Nursery school in that house.7 The couple planned to develop this nursery school into a Bais Yaakov school for girls. Rachel Orlansky was working with Gittel Kaufman, the wife of Rabbi Harry J. Kaufman, rabbi of the Beth Sholom Talmud Torah Congregation.

In Fall 1955, Rachel Orlansky and Gittel Kaufman opened a kindergarten class for their new Beth Jacob School of Washington. Classes for the Nursery and Kindergarten may have been held in 702 Jefferson St. NW or 4904 Georgia Ave. NW.8 The sources from Fall 1955 conflict. The school’s business address was the Orlansky’s house, at 222 Jefferson St. NW. The kindergarten and pre-school classes were most likely co-ed classes that admitted both boys and girls. A 1958 registration advertisement describes the kindergarten and pre-school classes as “for boys and girls.”9

In the next academic year, the school added a first-grade class. This first grade class was only for girls in accordance with the general mission of Beth Jacob Schools to education Jewish girls.10 To signify the young school’s growth from a nursery school to an elementary school, they inaugurated the first board of directors in November 1956. A representative from the National Association of Hebrew Day schools, Rabbi Meir Belski, spoke at the ceremony. The ceremony was held in the Talmud Torah synagogue on 16th Street and Emerson.11

As the school expanded into the elementary grades, it needed to take on more staff. Hannah Auerbach, the daughter of a rabbi in Alexanderia, and a student at George Mason University, taught at the Beth Jacob School in the Fall of 1957.12 Like Rachel Orlansky, Hannah Auerbach was a refugee from Europe. When she was a baby, Auerbach fled Nazi Germany with her parents after Kristallnacht.13

In the Fall 1957 semester, the Beth Jacob School added a second-grade class. In September 1957, the school acquired a house at 1501 Gallatin Street NW to be used as a school building.14

The Beth Jacob School helped organize a dinner to honor a long time Jewish educator, Leib Eisenberg, for his 84th birthday.15 The articles associated with this celebration described him as a founder of the Beth Jacob school.16

In the summer of 1958, the Beth Jacob School ran a day camp.17 If things went well during the summer of 1958, the advertisement for camp registration would be the only piece of evidence that this camp even existed. Unfortunately, tragedy struck and produced news reports.

On July 31, 1958, Louis Kosberg, a driver employed by the Beth Jacob School, was driving 11 children home after day camp. He had already dropped off two children when he reached the intersection of Peabody Street and Georgia Avenue.18 Kosberg was heading east along Peabody Street with 9 children in his station wagon. He stopped at the stop sign before attempting to cross Georgia Avenue. The southbound traffic was backed up through the intersection, so he waited until someone gave him room pass through. Kosberg did not initially see anyone coming in the northbound direction, so he continued driving into the intersection.

Kenneth Buck was heading north on Georgia Avenue in his sedan at around 30 miles per hour. When both drivers noticed each other, Kosberg tried to accelerate out of the intersection and Buck slammed on the breaks. Kosberg could not accelerate fast enough, and Buck’s breaks did not slow him down in time. Buck’s sedan plowed right into the rear-right corner of the station wagon sending it spinning around. The three children seated in the rear facing bench of the station wagon were flung out of the car and sustained severe head injuries. Two of the three children died of their injuries, while the third recovered.19

Though this car crash was a terrible and saddening incident, the news reporting on it provides a glimpse into what kind of people were sending their children to the Beth Jacob School. The news reporting on the story provided the identities of all the passengers of the station wagon at the time of the crash. The two children who died were siblings 8-year-old Phyllis and 4-year-old Samuel Goldfeder. Their father, Harold Goldfeder, owned a pharmacy. Two of Yisrael and Rachel Orlansky’s children were in the car, 4-year-old Joseph Chaim and 5-year-old Moshe. Joseph Chaim was the third child thrown out of the back seat of the station wagon, but he recovered from his head injury and survived the crash. 4-year-old Irit Barak the daughter of the second secretary of the Israeli Embassy, Baruch Barak, was also in the car. 6-year-old Ira Davis, son of Rabbi Albert Joseph Davis, the rabbi of Ohev Shalom and previously the director of Bais Yaakov of Baltimore. The last three children for whom I could not determine the profession of their parents were 8-year-old Pamela Friedman and siblings 7-year-old Karen and 4-year-old Eddie Karl.20

This carpool is by no means a representative sample of the 60 or so students who had been attending the Beth Jacob School in the previous academic year. Nor were all these students at the day camp necessarily students at the school the rest of the year. We can divide up these students by gender, age, and background. There were three girls in the carpool who were 7 or 8 years old. These are girls who could have attended the first and second grade classes at the Beth Jacob School in the 1957–1958 academic year. There were five boys and one girl between 4 to 6 years old. These six children could have attended the pre-school or kindergarten class in the previous academic year.

Six children’s parents were laymen and three came from rabbinic homes. One child was the daughter of an Israeli diplomat. To this day, Israeli diplomats have continued to send them children to the Jewish day schools in the area.

Though the car crash was horrific and tragic, the Beth Jacob School of Washington opened for classes in Fall 1958. The school was now offering pre-school and kindergarten classes for boys and girls and first through third grade classes for girls. The school took on Rabbi Simcha Sterzer as an administrator. In November 1958, Rabbi Simcha Sterzer hosted a television program in which students at the Beth Jacob School sang Hanukkah songs.21 Sterzer also served as a cantor for the high holidays at the Young Israel Shomrei Emunah synagogue in 1958–1961.22

Over the course of the 1958-59 academic year, the Beth Jacob School had been renovating its building on 1501 Gallatin Street NW. The school hosted a dedication ceremony on June 7, 1959. As part of the ceremony, the school stated that it had grown to 100 students over the course of the five years of its existence.23

In October 1959, the school appealed to the Board of Zoning Adjustment to allow the Beth Jacob School of Washington to establish “a day school consisting of nursery and kindergarten and all elementary grades.”24 I’m not familiar with the legal environment of Washington, DC at the time. The Beth Jacob School had been operating out 1501 Gallatin Street NW since 1957. It took them two years before they appealed to the Board of Zoning Adjustment to have a permit to operate a school in a residential area. I don’t know if they were granted an adjustment after this appeal.

The Beth Jacob School of Washington reopened for the 1959–1960 academic year after they had renovated their house at 1501 Gallatin Street NW. I do not know if they were able to expand to have a fourth-grade class in 1959–1960, but as I will explain later there is reason to suspect they did not expand beyond third grade.

In January 1960, the PTA of the Beth Jacob School held a fundraising ‘package party.’ The announcement for the event described the event. “Admission will be by package. A gay evening of auctioning, door prizes, blintzes and other delicacies.”25

In June 1960, the Beth Jacob School began to appeal for funds to close its budget deficit. Rabbi Yisrael Orlansky claimed that 40% percent of his 100 students were receiving tuition assistance.26 The school also needed to fund renovations to its facility to comply with local regulations for schools. These pressures created a $10,000 gap in the budget.27

Despite the budget difficulties the Beth Jacob School opened for the 1960–1961 academic year.28 The parent teacher association of the Beth Jacob School held another package party fundraising event in February 1961.29 In March 1961, the school hosted a Purim party for which the nursery and kindergarten performed a Purim play.30

At the end of the 1960–1961 academic year, the Beth Jacob school appealed to Board of Zoning Adjustment once again. In this appeal, the Beth Jacob school only asked to create a school spanning pre-school through third grade for 60 students.31 This was a less ambitious appeal than the October 1959 appeal. The fact that the school anticipated having third grade as the highest grade in the school in 1961 implies that the school was unable to expand beyond third grade in 1959 and 1960.

The Beth Jacob School of Washington did not survive the summer of 1961. On July 28, 1961, the Beth Jacob school sold its building at 1501 Gallatin Street NW.32 The school did not reopen for the 1961–1962 academic year. The short period of its operation has faded from the communal memory of the Greater Washington Jewish community.

Rabbi Yisrael and Rachel Orlansky left Washington, DC after their Beth Jacob school closed. They sold their house at 222 Jefferson Street NW in August 1961.33 By the mid-1960s the Orlansky family was living in Brooklyn. Rabbi Yisrael Orlansky worked as the Assistant Principal of the Bais Yaakov of Boro Park.34 The Orlansky family moved to Israel sometime in the 1970s and Rabbi Yisrael Orlansky worked as an administrator for the Chinuch Atzmai school system.35



  1. ^“Rav Israel Orlanksy,” geni.com https://www.geni.com/people/Rav-Israel-Orlansky/6000000002189223060 Accessed Jan. 14, 2025
  2. ^See Chaim Tikotzki (ed.), lapid eish novahrdokai, Jerusalem: Yisrael Orlanksy, 1993.
  3. ^“Rochel Orlansky (Finkel),” geni.com https://www.geni.com/people/Rochel-Orlansky/6000000002189170221 Accessed Jan. 14, 2025.
  4. ^“English Letter With Signature of Rabbi Avraham Kalmanovitz of Mir,” Tiferet Auction House https://www.tiferetauctions.com/auction/289-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA-49-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA-he/lot-54-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA/ Accessed Jan. 14, 2025 [Letter is dated to August 23, 1950. It certifies that Rabbi Israel Orlansky graduated from the Mir Rabbinical College in February 1949.]
  5. ^National Archives at Washington, DC; Washington, D.C.; Seventeenth Census of the United States, 1950; Year: 1950; Census Place: Washington, Washington, District of Columbia; Roll: 3071; Page: 79; Enumeration District: 1-502.
  6. ^Document Number: 1953039899. Book Type/Roll: LAND/10066/605. DC Recorder of Deeds.
  7. ^“Nursery Classes,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), Aug. 28, 1955.
  8. ^“Beth Jacob Women Set Meeting Date,” National Jewish Ledger (Washington, DC), Nov. 25, 1955.
  9. ^[Ad], “Beth Jacob School of Washington,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), June 15, 1958.
  10. ^ibid
  11. ^“School to Install,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Nov. 16, 1956. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1956-11-16/ed-1/seq-49/ The article says 14th street, but compare with Lawrence Frenkel, American Synagogue Directory, New York: Frenkel Mailing Service, 1958. https://archive.org/details/americansynagogu00unse/page/14 which places Talmud Torah at 4901 16th St. NW.
  12. ^“Ms. Auerbach Is Engaged,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Nov. 17, 1957. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1957-11-17/ed-1/seq-87/.
  13. ^Morton Isaacs, “Chana Auerbach Isaacs,” Rochester Holocaust Survivors Archive https://jewishrochester-chai-archive.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/individual%20Resource%20Folders/Isaacs%20Chana%20Auerbach/Isaacs%20Chana%20Auerbach2.html Accessed Jan. 14, 2025.
  14. ^Document Number: 1957032354. Book Type/Roll or Frame/Page: LAND/10939/417. DC Recorder of Deeds.
  15. ^“Synagogues Mark Brotherhood Week,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), Feb. 14, 1958.
  16. ^“Eisenberg, 84, to be Honored,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Feb. 15, 1958. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1958-02-15/ed-1/seq-8/.
  17. ^[Ad], “Beth Jacob School of Washington,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), June 15, 1958.
  18. ^“Day School Car Crash Kills Girl, Injures 8,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Aug. 1, 1958. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1958-08-01/ed-1/seq-21/.
  19. ^“Driver of Car Held Responsible in Death of Day Camp Children,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), Aug. 8, 1958.
  20. ^“Collision of Camp Car Kills Child, Injures 8,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), Aug. 1, 1958.
  21. ^“Churches on the Air,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Nov. 29, 1958. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1958-11-29/ed-1/seq-10/.
  22. ^“Yom Kippur to Begin at Sunset Tomorrow,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Sept. 22, 1958. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1958-09-22/ed-1/seq-6/, “Jewish Yom Kippur Begins at Sundown,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Oct. 11, 1959. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1959-10-11/ed-1/seq-51/, and “Rites Sunday to Open Rosh Hashanah Holiday,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Sept. 8, 1961. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1961-09-08/ed-1/seq-44/.
  23. ^“Beth Jacob Day School sets Dedication Rite,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), June 4, 1959. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1959-06-04/ed-1/seq-59/.
  24. ^“Classified: Officials Notices: Board of Zoning Adjustment,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), Oct. 9, 1959. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1959-10-09/ed-1/seq-66/.
  25. ^“Beth Jacob Party,” National Jewish Ledger (Washington, DC), Jan. 22, 1960.
  26. ^“Funds to Meet Deficit Sought by Girls’ School,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), June 17, 1960.
  27. ^“Jewish School Seeking Funds,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), June 17, 1960. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1960-06-17/ed-1/seq-2/.
  28. ^[Ad], “Beth Jacob School of Washington,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), Aug. 28, 1960.
  29. ^“Beth Jacob School Sets Package Party,” National Jewish Ledger (Washington, DC), Feb. 3, 1961.
  30. ^“Purim Party Set,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), March 5, 1961. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1961-03-05/ed-1/seq-9/.
  31. ^“Classified: Official Notices: Board of Zoning Adjustment,” Washington Post (Washington, DC), June 30, 1961.
  32. ^Document Number: 1961022276. Book Type/Roll: LAND/11641/576. DC Recorder of Deeds.
  33. ^Document Number: 1961023454. Book Type/Roll: LAND/11647/381. DC Recorder of Deeds.
  34. ^[Ad], “Birkas Mazal Tov Beis Yaakov D’Boro Park,” Der Tog (New York, NY), Nov. 3, 1967. https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dertog/1967/11/03/01/article/63.1.
  35. ^“25 Million Dollar Children Torah Rescue Fund Proclaimed by Chinuch Atzmai Torah Schools,” Jewish Observer (New York, NY), February 1980. https://agudah.org/wp-content/uploads/1980/09/JO1980-V14-N06-7.pdf Accessed Jan. 15, 2025.

Wednesday, December 25, 2024

An Index of Classic Yiddish Cinema

This is an unofficial list of classic Yiddish movies based on the catalog of the National Center for Jewish Film. 



1921 – The Wandering Jew aka The Life of Theodor Herzl https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/theodor_herzl.htm

1923 – East and West (Mizrekh un Mayrev/ Ost und West) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/eastandwest.htm


1931 – A Cantor on Trial (Khazan afn Probe) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/cantor.html

1931 – The Feast of Passover (Di Seder Nakht) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/feastofpassover.htm

1931 – His Wife's Lover(Zayn Vaybs Lubovnik) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/hiswifeslover.htm 

1932 – The Return of Nathan Becker (Nosn Becker Fort Aheym) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/returnofnathanbecker.htm


1932 – The Unfortunate Bride (Di Umgliklikhe Kale) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/unfortunatebride.htm

1933 – A Vilna Legend (Dem Rebns Koyekh) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/avilnalegend.htm

1933 – The Wandering Jew (Der Vanderner Yid) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/wand.html


1935 – Children Must Laugh (Mir Kumen On) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/filmsaz.htm

1935 – Yosl Cutler and His Puppets https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/yoslcutler.html

1936 – Love and Sacrifice (Libe und Laydnshaft) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/loveand.html

1936 – Yiddle With His Fiddle (Yidl Mitn Fidl) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/yiddle.htm

1937 – The Cantor's Son (Dem Khazns Zundl) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/CantorsSon.htm 

1937 – The Dybbuk (Der Dibuk) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/dybbuk.html

1937 – Green Fields (Grine Felder) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/greenfields.htm

1937 – I Want To Be A Boarder (Ich Vil Zeyn a Boarder) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/boarder.htm

1937 – The Jester (Der Purimspiler) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/jester.htm

1937 – Jolly Paupers (Freylekhe Kabtsonim) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/jollypaupers.htm

1937 – The Living Orphan (Der Lebediker Yusem) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/LivingOrphan.htm


1937 – Where is My Child? (Vu iz Mayn Kind?) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/whereismychild.htm



1938 – The Singing Blacksmith (Yankl Der Schmid) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/singingblacksmith.htm

1938 – Two Sisters (Tsvey Shvester) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/twosisters.htm


1939 – A Letter to Mother (A Brivele der Mamen) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/alettertomother.htm

1939 – The Light Ahead (Fishke der Krumer) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/lightahead.htm



1939 – Mothers of Today (Hayntige Mames) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/mothersoftoday.html


1939 – Without a Home (On a Heym) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/withoutahome.htm

1940 – American Matchmaker (Amerikaner Shadkhn) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/americanmatchmaker.htm

1940 – Overture to Glory (Der Vilner Balebesl) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/Overture.htm

1949 – God, Man and Devil (Got, Mentsch, un Taybl) https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/godmananddevil.htm


At some point I want to do a podcast where I review most of these films. Something akin to the Kill James Bond podcast though a little more serious. If anyone would like to get in on this plan let me know. It would be good to have a 2 or 3 person cast

Saturday, December 21, 2024

Moving to Substack (Kind of)

I've had some of this blog moved over to subtack for some time. lazymasmid.substack.com I think I will post new things in parrallel on both blogs. I will leave my less coherent rants for this website. 

Sunday, November 24, 2024

How the Movie Der Dybbuk Uses Hoshanas as Foreshadowing

As we have just finished celebrating the holidays of Sukkot and Shmini Atzeret, I was reflecting on how the iconic Sukkot ritual of Hoshanot is protrayed in the movie Der Dybbuk. When I first had the opportunity to watch the Der Dybbuk, I was initially struck with how proper and correct its portrayal of Jewish ritual felt to me. All of the cinematic portrayals of Judaism in American media that I was exposed to felt inauthentic. Either the writers don't really understand Jewish ritual or they are trying to simplify and explain it to their audience. 

Der Dybbuk was written for an audience that was already familiar with Jewish ritual. The writers and director were able to just place a scene of Hoshanot, a Sukkot ritual that is often overshadowed in depictions of the holiday by the Sukkah and the Arba Minim, with the full confidence that their audience would understand what was happening. 

The opening act of the movie introduces Nisn (chonon's father) and Sender (Leah's father) while they visit their Rebbe during the holiday of Sukkot. In the first scene of the movie both Nisn and Sender keep missing opportunities to get their Rebbe's approval for a vow they have both accepted. We, the audience do not yet know exactly what this vow entails. Sender commits to trying again the next day, which is Hoshana Rabba

The next scene opens in the synagogue while the Chazan is reciting Hallel. We hear the Chazan chanting last verses of Psalm 115. 

There are two scenes that take place within the synagogue during the opening act of the movie. The first scene contains a small portion of the Hallel. Specifically, we hear the Chazan recite: 

השמים שמים ליי והארץ נתן לבני אדם

"The heavens belong to God, but the earth, he gave to mankind."

לא המתים יהללו יה ולא כל ירדי דומה

"The dead cannot praise God, nor any who go down in silence" 

The inability for the dead to praise and worship God is a common motif in the Hebrew Bible. In addition to it literally meaning the dead cannot worship God, this statement comes with other implications. The dead cannot offer praise because they cannot speak. Perhaps the dead enter a domain of existence that prevents them from offer praise to God. For a viewer who is already familiar with the story of the Dybbuk, this line is ominous. The Dybbuk is a dead person who has stolen the ability to speak from a living person. In some ways this line is a prayer beseaching God to keep the dead quiet and at peace. It is also a warning that any dead person who does attempt to speak will not be doing anything righteous with that power. All this forboding information is contained within this short line.

The first verse the Chazan recites is also foreshadowing the final act of the movie. After being presented with Leah possessed by a dybbuk, Rav Azriel of Miropol holds two Din Torahs. The first Din Torah is to nullify the vow that Sender and Nisn made which is drawing Chonon and Leah's souls together. The second Din Torah is to force Chonon to leave Leah's body by putting his soul in Cherem. (Although not exactly addressing the ideology behind dybbuk trials, I recommend Historia Civilis' video on animal trials for a background on using trials to combat evil forces.) During the first Din Torah, the meshulach informs Rav Azriel that Nisn did not accept the nullification of the vow. Rav Azriel responds that if the heavenly worlds tried to maintain the vow, he would overturn their decision. In this instance he is drawing from an established tradition in Jewish theology that rabbinic courts on earth have more authority over interpreting the Torah law than God does. The verse in Psalm 115 states, "but the earth, he gave to mankind." The implication is he gave the earth to mankind to govern. This verse can be read as an affirmation of the tradition of mortal rabbinic decisions overriding divine understanding of Torah law.  

Another potential reading of first verse is the spirits/souls of the dead belong in heaven and the living human beings belong on earth. Though verse literally says, "The heavens belong to God," you can broaden God to include all divine and spiritual entities. There are ideas within Jewish mysticism that understand each human soul to be a small part of God. These souls, after they are freed from their human shells upon death, must return back to heaven and should not linger on earth. If one soul does linger on earth it can cause become a dybbuk. By declearing the heavens to be the realm of the divine, this verse can also be read a plea to prevent the conditions, that can create a dybbuk, from forming. 

After this short section of Hallel the scene shifts to the street outside of the synagogue. We see the meshulach figure appear outside and make his way into the synagogue. When he enters the synagogue, the congregation is up to the Hoshanas. Specifically, the Chazan is reciting אבן שתיה, which is the second round of Hoshanas that are recited on Hoshana Rabba. Each round of the Hoshanas has a theme or topic, and אבן שתיה describes the temple in Jerusalem. The section is a plea to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. 

While the Chazan recites the Hoshanas, Sender and Nisn discuss the details of their vow with someone who was standing next to them. This scene is where we the audience finally learn of the details of the vow and its dangerous implications. Interlaced within the dialogue describing the vow, we hear the Chazan chanting the Hoshanas. 

The word הושענא, which is the refrain of the entire Hoshana ceremony, means 'please save.' The whole ceremony is meant to beseach God for salvation. The ceremony is based upon a ceremony that was performed in the temple in Jerusalem which was meant to ask God for a good rain season in the winter. The success of the crops in Palestine were reliant upon a good rain season. In exile, the prayer has expanded to ask for all manner of divine salvation and blessing. In the Jewish tradition, rain is a symbol of God's blessings in general. 

The cries of 'please save' us echoing in the background of Sender and Nisn's doomed vow are a warning that the vow will require salvation. The Hoshana prayer becomes of foreboding chant for the clamity of the dybbuk that is to come. 

As I mentioned above, the specific section of the Hoshanas that the Chazan recites describes the temple in Jerusalem and serves as plea to rebuild it. The symbolism of the temple as the holiest place on earth represents the holiest acts a person can do, which are love,sex, and marriage. Chonon ends up corrupting the holiness of these acts and causes a disaster. 

Through Chonon's conversations with his friend Henoch, we the audience learn that Chonon has a somewhat Sabbatean ideology. He believes that holiness can be found in the most impure of places. He concludes that his love for Leah must be channeled through a Satanic lust in order for him to secure his marriage to her. When he reaches out to the Satanic forces for help, they grant his wish to be with Leah, but he becomes bound to her as a dybbuk and not through a marriage. 

Marriage and love are very holy things within the Jewish tradition. The Song of Solomon, which is sung throughout the movie, is considered one of the most holy texts within the Hebrew Bible. The most holy acts are also the most dangerous and can be easily corrupted if done improperly. In the opening scene of the movie, Rav Azriel of Miropol, holds his Hasidic court. He delivers a drasha in which he explains the great risk the high priest takes when he enters the holiest chamber of the temple on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the year, and recites the holiest name of God. If the high priest had improper intentions when performing the ceremony, he could cause great destruction. Through this speech, Rav Azriel describes the main theme of the movie, the holiest acts are both the easiest to corrupt and when corrupted have grave consequences. 

When the movie juxtaposes the Hoshana about the temple in Jerusalem with Sender and Nisn's vow to marry their children, it is infroming us the audience that the holiness of the temple is representing the holiness of love, sex, and marriage. The resulting calamity of the vow will defile the temple; Chonon's sacred love for Leah will become a dangerous lust that consumes him and transforms him into a dybbuk


I may come back to offer more thoughts about Chonon's lust itself, Leah's autonomy and relationship with Chonon, the various homosocial pairings of Sender and Nisn and Chonon and Henoch. There is also a good chance that it may take me a few years before I revisit this. 

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